Characteristics of Embedded Systems

1. Application and Domain Specific

Each Embedded System has specific functions it performs and is developed to perform these intended functions only. They cannot be used for other purposes. Example: The embedded control units of a microwave oven cannot be replaced with those of an air conditioner.

2. Reactive and Real-Time

Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in their environment and compute results in real-time without delay. Example: Mission-critical systems such as flight control systems and Anti-lock Brake Systems (ABS) are real-time systems.

3. Operates in Harsh Environments

The design of embedded systems must account for the operating conditions where the system will be implemented. Example: If deployed in a high-temperature zone, all components used must be rated for high temperatures.

4. Distributed

Embedded systems may be part of a larger system. Multiple distributed embedded systems can form a single large embedded control unit. Example: An automatic vending machine includes a card reader, a vending unit, etc.

5. Small Size and Weight

Embedded systems are designed to be compact and lightweight, with all components including the microcontroller, timer, I/O parts, and embedded software placed on a single chip.

6. Power Concerns

Power management is crucial in designing embedded systems. They should be designed to minimize heat dissipation.

7. Single-Functioned

Embedded systems are typically dedicated to performing a single function. Example: A pager always functions as a pager.

8. Microprocessor or Microcontroller Based

Embedded systems must include a microcontroller or microprocessor.

9. Tightly-Constrained

Embedded systems have tight constraints on design metrics, with minimal room for extensions or additions, as everything must fit on a single chip to perform its designated function independently.

10. Safety-Critical

Embedded systems are designed to ensure they do not endanger human life or the environment.