a) Threats:

A threat refers to any potential danger or harm that could be caused to a system or network. Threats can come from a variety of sources, such as hackers, viruses, natural disasters, and human error.

Here are some examples of threats in cybersecurity:

Malware:

Malware is a type of software that is designed to harm a computer system. It can include viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.

Phishing:

Phishing is an attack where attackers send emails or messages that appear to come from a trusted source in order to trick users into providing sensitive information or downloading malware.

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks:

DoS and DDoS attacks are designed to overload a network or website with traffic, making it unavailable to users.

Insider threats:

Insider threats refer to the risk of employees or other authorized individuals intentionally or unintentionally causing harm to an organization's systems or data.

b) Vulnerability

A vulnerability refers to a weakness or flaw in a system or network that can be exploited by an attacker to gain unauthorized access, steal data, or cause harm. Vulnerabilities can exist in hardware, software, and processes, and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as coding errors, misconfigurations, and human error.

Here are some examples of vulnerabilities in cybersecurity:

Software vulnerabilities:

Software vulnerabilities can be caused by coding errors or design flaws that can be exploited by attackers to gain access to a system or steal data.

Zero-day vulnerabilities:

Zero-day vulnerabilities are unknown vulnerabilities that have not yet been discovered by software vendors.

Physical vulnerabilities:

Physical vulnerabilities can include weak locks, unsecured server rooms, and unsecured network cables, which can provide attackers with physical access to a system.

Unpatched software:

Unpatched software refers to software that has not been updated with the latest security patches, leaving it vulnerable to known exploits.

Weak passwords:

Weak passwords can be easily guessed or cracked, allowing attackers to gain unauthorized access to systems or data.

Lack of security awareness:

Lack of security awareness among employees can lead to unintentional mistakes that compromise the security of an organization's systems or data.

c) Harmful acts:

Harmful acts refer to actions that can cause damage to a computer system, network, or other digital devices. Harmful acts can be intentional or unintentional. Harmful acts can have serious consequences for individuals and organizations.

Here are some examples of harmful acts in cybersecurity:

Data breaches:

Data breaches occur when sensitive information is accessed or stolen by unauthorized parties.

Intellectual property theft:

Intellectual property theft involves the theft or unauthorized use of a company's intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, or trade secrets.

Cyberstalking:

Cyberstalking involves the use of technology to harass or intimidate individuals.

Cyberbullying:

Cyberbullying refers to the use of technology to bully individuals or make threats online.

Malware:

Malware is a type of software that is designed to harm a computer system. It can include viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.

Phishing:

Phishing is an attack where attackers send emails or messages that appear to come from a trusted source in order to trick users into providing sensitive information or downloading malware.

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks:

DoS attacks are designed to overload a network or website with traffic, making it unavailable to users.